创建新的滑雪跳跃综合体

Author:Beate Wesenigk

Whether for the World Ski Championships, the Four Hills Tournament or the Alpine World Ski Cup, the Schattenberg ski jump in Oberstdorf in Bavaria, Germany, is the main venue for international ski jumping competitions each year. Refurbishment and new build work is being planned for the 53rd Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf in 2021. This will include a new "Einkehr" jump complex, named after the "Einkehr-Schwung", the existing culinary establishment facing the arena. ing-Geovision has created a digital terrain model (DTM) as part of the planning process.

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Ski jumping on Schattenberg

In 1909, the first ski jump stage was built near Oberstdorf in Germany’s Allgäu Alps. Beautifully situated on a sunny hillside, after some initial scepticism, the sport was received with great enthusiasm. During the very first year, Bruno Biehler set the record jump at 22 metres pushing the limits of the facility. Plans for a new jump were devised at the start of the 1920s.

The new Schattenberg ski jump was used for the first time on 27 December 1925 – it is now 93 years old. The jumps and surrounding terrain have been modified and expanded repeatedly over the years. To improve the ski jump track for the 53rd Nordic World Ski Championships in 2021, the facility will be refurbished.

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挑战：区域规模，可及性和自我实现的目标

德国测量公司Ing-Geovision收到了任务创建一个DTMrequired as a reliable basis for the ski jump complex plans. The firm faced several challenges:

1. 要记录的区域的大小 - 约270,000平方米。
2. Some areas of the hilly, wooded areas are, in addition, very difficult to access and cannot be reached with terrestrial surveying equipment.
3. 仅在一天之内捕获所有数据的自我实现的目标。

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一天内测量38个高山足球场

The three-person surveying team set off early from Traunreut to Oberstdorf in Germany perfectly prepared with different surveying equipment.

步骤1：控制点字段

The foundation for the survey of the terrain was measured with the Leica GS16 Smart Antenna formed from an existing six-point control field.GS16智能天线最大程度地减少了带山谷和树林的山区问题, which shadowed satellite reception for the GNSS survey.

Step 2: Measure the control points, the profile and the riverbanks

While the control point field was being determined, the targets for the scanning and the control points for the fly over were being set with the Leica TS16 total station. The TS16 was also used in surveying the profile of the wood. In total, this method produced900 individual points measured almost entirely on steep terrain.

步骤3：激光扫描和全景照片

The Leica ScanStation P40 was used to scan the area with 36 standpoints. All round scans with aresolution of 3x3 milimetresat 10 m were recorded.

“The P40 ScanStation took just3.5 minutesper standpointand has the added advantage that the black/white target points are available in the office. The result was a very dense point cloud made up of a total of 2,036,358,871 individual points. Full-HDR 360° spherical images were also recorded at each scan in a matter of seconds. The pictures can be read by the Leica Cyclone laser scanning software without any further processing and used for registering and processing the data,”said Richard Steiglechner, head of surveying for ing-Geovision.

Step 4: Fly over

为了更好地调查广阔区域，并能够使用其他方法记录无法达到的部分，使用Leica Geosystems无人驾驶飞机（UAV）进行了飞行。在UAV支持之前，生成了飞行计划automated GNSS supported fly over发生了，覆盖了所有倾斜的地形以及任何障碍物，例如跳高塔。该软件根据飞行高度，障碍物和使用Bing地图的准确性计算了所需飞行路径的航路点。一系列643 aerial photographswere taken using the attached camera in the UAV.

The three ing-Geovision"aries", who are also trained mountaineers, captured the一天内超过4,000的数据在270,000平方米的时间内并在黎明前存放乐器。

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Prepare the measurement data from the sensors

The surveyed control and individual points from the GS16 and the TS16 were loaded by the experts into the national coordinate system via an ASCII file. The scan data from the P40 and the MS50 were later entered into the Leica Cyclone scanning software for registration. Additional options were selected for importing, such as filtering the point cloud to消除不必要的错误点.

“The combination of the Cyclone's sophisticated filter technology and the ScanStation's pulse measurement technique makes it possible to eliminate so-called mixed pixels, the hazy points that occur when the laser beam is split over an edge and an underlying surface,” said Steiglechner.

Ing-Geovision专家可以自动将球形360°图像与点云和真实颜色相结合，并使用旋风中的“固定”选项分配给每个扫描点的真实颜色transform the point clouds from each position into an overall coordinates system使用目标标记，云约束（在两个扫描之间的重叠部分中具有相同几何形状的点云）和点标准标准。

“The target marks were collected directly in Cyclone. Identical cloud constraints, or sections, are automatically found by the 3D point cloud processing software. We could use a viewer to assist us in case of doubt,”said Stefan Nawrat, head of engineering surveying for ing-Geovision.

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结果：非常适合的数字地形模型

Once the data from the individual sensors was edited, all the individual points and the point clouds from the fly over were imported into Cyclone to join the already registered point clouds from the P40 and MS50 scans. All the points from five different surveying instruments were now combined in one software. Then, a visual check was made of the positional accuracy of the point clouds by cutting through the point clouds.

The collected point clouds consisting of 2.15 billion points was exported as a Leica JetStream project so the point cloud could be further used and accessed anywhere.

“This approach reduces processing time and the risk of errors as the data does not need to be constantly copied backwards and forwards and it ensures that exactly the same accurate information is available for all further processing stages in different programmes, be that AutoCAD, MicroStation, 3D Reshaper or Autodesk Revit,” said Bernd Hafensteiner, managing director of ing-Geovision.

为了在CAD程序中绘制滑雪跳跃复合物，在Leica CloudWorx Point Cloind Cloud插件的协助下共享了开放的Jetstream Point Cloud，从而简化了基于点云的缺陷绘制。

The DTM was created with 3D Reshaper, a software systemfor creating terrain contours and extracting ground and break lines.

“3D Reshaper purges the point cloud and creates a point cloud group that contains only the ground points, all in barely 30 seconds. Its comprehensive settings guaranteed our team precise results,”Markus Prechtl, head of surveying flights for ing-Geovision.

The DTM created in 3D Reshaper was transferred to the contractor as a DXF file. To give contractors access to the point clouds in a browser, an additional password protected area on the company's Leica TruView Enterprise server was set up.

To plan the new "Einkehr” jump in the Audi Arena in Oberstdorf, only a precise point cloud and a comprehensive DTM would do. Using Leica Geosystems’ technology, the ing-Geovision team provided the best foundation for the next 93 years and beyond of ski jumping on the Schattenberg ski jump arena.