Post-fire deformation monitoring with Leica Geosystems total stations in the Polish Fire Service.

作者：Malgorzata Krol

Unit- and public safety as a priority in every search and rescue operation

At first glance, talking about the day-to-day job of the Polish Fire Service, everything seems to be clear: firefighters put out fires. This is true but putting out fires is only one of many tasks of this professional, uniformed, well-trained, and specially equipped unit.

波兰国家消防服务是建立在July 1, 1992. Since then, the organisation and the functions of the units have entirely changed. Today, Polish firefighters do not only put out fires. Their tasks also include the following rescue actions: technical, chemical, ecological, medical etc. The firefighters also fight against natural disasters, rescue people injured during disasters, support the police units searching for missing persons in open terrain, and respond to other local threats, such as major traffic accidents.

The Polish State Fire Service comprises the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service, 16 Provincial Headquarters, 335 County / Municipal Headquarters. In Poland, there are 515 Fire and Rescue Units. The recruits are taught the skills of firefighting in five specialised schools in Poland. The Main School of Fire Service (Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej) in Warsaw, the Central School of Fire Service in Częstochowa, the two Schools of Aspirants in Kraków and Poznań, and the Officers School of the State Fire Service in Bydgoszcz.

Specialized Search and Rescue Units

At the Provincial Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Katowice exists the Specialized Search and Rescue Group: The SGPR Jastrzębie-Zdrój, under the command of Senior Captain Paweł Krótki. This unit complies with the standard of "A", "B", and "C" levels of the so-called "operational readiness" following the "Principles ofSearch and Rescue在国家救援和消防系统中。”此外，一些SGPR单位成员是USAR波兰部门的一部分，这是一个为国际运营设计的搜救小组。

The Specialized Search and Rescue Group (SGPR) in Jastrzębie-Zdrój, as one of only a couple of firefighting units in Poland, maintains the highest level: "C" of operational readiness to carry out extreme challenging firefighting and rescue missions throughout the whole country. Those different readiness levels depend on the unit's suitability of emergency response, the number of firefighters, their qualifications, and the technical equipment in this unit.

SGPR部门的紧急响应动作也得到了救援犬和高级设备的支持。例如，基于两个Leica GeoSystems TS16总站的位置设备，包括摄像头和地球管和变形监控系统。bob apple当建筑物可能崩溃时，左撇子系统用于连续监测燃烧建筑物损坏的结构的稳定性。此外，SGPR单元还使用结构稳定设备，高度救援设备以及复杂救援操作中必不可少的其他技术设备。

Top-notch monitoring system supporting the emergency response in the SGPR

自2016年以来，SGPRJastrzęBie-Zdrój单元已配备了两个Leica GeoSystems全站系统，以监视近距离倒闭结构的稳定性。出于救援目的，变形监测是此类操作的主要任务之一。火灾或气体爆炸后建筑物的稳定性会迅速改变，通常对现场工作的救援单位构成重大威胁。为了维持消防员的安全性，应急部队，活着的受害者以及救援任务的成功和效率，需要持续监测结构状况的变化或可能下降的碎屑。

Source: SGPR Jastrzebie Zdroj

Leica Geosystems的两个系统中的每个系统都包括Leica TS16机器人总站，带有Leica Geomos监视软件的笔记本电脑，电源盒以及光学和声学信标。- “我们根据2016年的TS16和2018年的第二套收购了第一套。我们仍然有一个手动总站可以使用，我们主要将其视为备用设备。在备用设备中，我们有时在情况下使用手动总站必须从几个职位上观察更多的积分。

The SGPR firefighter- and rescue teams, especially the operators of Leica Geosystem's equipment, measure and monitor the stability of the destroyed or endangered structure in many fire- or explosion related incidents every year. They observe and monitor the condition of the buildings and make sure that the structural movements of walls, roofs etc. do not threaten the safety of the rescue operation.

How does the monitoring of endangered structural elements with total stations look like?

After extinguishing a fire and the initial securing of the scene, the SGPR unit commander and the total station operator make the first observations, the reconnaissance and the assessment of the situation to perform the monitoring activities securely. They pay attention to the size of the object, the extent of the area around the damaged building, the range of the used devices, the relative safety of the rescue units during the work on the scene and the possible preservation of the structural elements of the building. Then the positioning of the Leica Geosystems total station(s) is determined.

The monitoring of the object/building starts with identifying and selecting a certain number of distinctive points on the building structure. Those points need to be easily identifiable and characteristic. One total station continuously observes the defined points in predefined time intervals. Essential for the operation's success is that the monitoring activities must not, under any circumstances, impede the access of emergency units carrying out the direct rescue operation.

The observation, the measurement, and the monitoring of the pre-defined distinctive points in the affected structure take place throughout the whole operation. The Leica Geosystems TS16 total station TS16 does this autonomously and automatically. Provided, that the points to be monitored have been defined and programmed into the GeoMoS software first, to “instruct” the Leica Geosystems total station to measure them accordingly. The Leica Geosystems system is equipped with an alarm module, which reacts to changes in the position of the measured points and gives optical and audio feedback to the operator. Any point deviation from the original position is noticed and reported.

The threat of the so-called "secondary collapse" of a post-fire structure can be extremely dangerous. When a deviation is noticed, the total station operator informs the rescue unit commander about the change in the building condition. Based on that information, the commander instantly makes his decision about any further action. The decision might be about a temporary or even a complete stop of the rescue mission, or the withdrawal of units searching the rubble and securing the breached structure again. Usually, the decisions are made temporarily, allowing for resumption and safe completion of rescue action after re-securing the scene.

The safety of rescue teams and possible victims is paramount

在火灾或爆炸场景上以及在建筑灾难期间进行的救援行动是任何消防部队的专门搜索和救援部队执行的最复杂，最复杂和危险的任务。在瓦砾，裸露电源电缆或气体泄漏下可能发生火灾的情况下，清理灾区是仅针对任何训练有素的任何消防队的训练和装备的地层的任务。确保环境和救援任务的积极成果，并确保维持相关团队的安全和可能仍在生存的受害者的安全，这是专业消防部队日常工作的主要任务。