波兰消防局中使用Leica Geosystems总站进行射击后变形监测。bob apple

Author: Malgorzata Krol

单位和公共安全作为每次搜救行动的优先事项

乍一看，谈论波兰消防服务的日常工作，一切似乎都很清楚：消防员扑灭了大火。确实如此，但扑灭火灾只是这个专业，统一，训练有素且设备专门设备的许多任务之一。

The Polish State Fire Service was established on July 1, 1992. Since then, the organisation and the functions of the units have entirely changed. Today, Polish firefighters do not only put out fires. Their tasks also include the following rescue actions: technical, chemical, ecological, medical etc. The firefighters also fight against natural disasters, rescue people injured during disasters, support the police units searching for missing persons in open terrain, and respond to other local threats, such as major traffic accidents.

The Polish State Fire Service comprises the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service, 16 Provincial Headquarters, 335 County / Municipal Headquarters. In Poland, there are 515 Fire and Rescue Units. The recruits are taught the skills of firefighting in five specialised schools in Poland. The Main School of Fire Service (Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej) in Warsaw, the Central School of Fire Service in Częstochowa, the two Schools of Aspirants in Kraków and Poznań, and the Officers School of the State Fire Service in Bydgoszcz.

专业搜索和救援单位

At the Provincial Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Katowice exists the Specialized Search and Rescue Group: The SGPR Jastrzębie-Zdrój, under the command of Senior Captain Paweł Krótki. This unit complies with the standard of "A", "B", and "C" levels of the so-called "operational readiness" following the "Principles ofSearch and Rescuein the National Rescue and Firefighting System". Additionally, some SGPR unit members are part of the USAR Poland unit, a Search and Rescue group also designed for international operations.

The Specialized Search and Rescue Group (SGPR) in Jastrzębie-Zdrój, as one of only a couple of firefighting units in Poland, maintains the highest level: "C" of operational readiness to carry out extreme challenging firefighting and rescue missions throughout the whole country. Those different readiness levels depend on the unit's suitability of emergency response, the number of firefighters, their qualifications, and the technical equipment in this unit.

The emergency response actions of the SGPR unit are also supported by rescue dogs and high-class equipment. For example, the location equipment, including a camera plus geophone and a deformation monitoring system based on two Leica Geosystems TS16 total stations. The Leica systems are used to continuously monitor the stability of damaged structures of burned buildings when buildings might collapse. In addition, the SGPR unit uses structural stabilisation equipment, height rescue equipment and a wide range of other technical equipment necessary in complex rescue operations.

一流的监控系统支持SGPR中的紧急响应

Since 2016, the SGPR Jastrzębie-Zdrój unit has been equipped with two Leica Geosystems Total Station systems for monitoring the stability of close-to-collapse burnt structures. For rescue purposes, deformation monitoring is one of the major tasks of this kind of operations. The stability of a building after a fire or a gas explosion can quickly change and usually poses a significant threat to the rescue units working on-site. Continuous monitoring of changes in the structure's condition or possible falling debris is necessary to maintain the safety of the firefighters, the emergency response units, the living victims and the success and efficiency of a rescue mission.

资料来源：SGPR Jastrzebie Zdroj

Each of Leica Geosystems's two systems includes a Leica TS16 robotic total station, a laptop computer with Leica GeoMoS monitoring software, a power box, and an optical and acoustic beacon. - "We acquired the first set based on the TS16 in 2016 and the second set in 2018. We still have a manual total station at our disposal, which we treat primarily as backup equipment. The manual total station is sometimes used in situations when it is necessary to observe a larger number of points from several positions" - explains Captain Paweł Krótki, the commander of SGPR Jastrzębie-Zdrój.

SGPR消防员和救援队伍,特别是the operators of Leica Geosystem's equipment, measure and monitor the stability of the destroyed or endangered structure in many fire- or explosion related incidents every year. They observe and monitor the condition of the buildings and make sure that the structural movements of walls, roofs etc. do not threaten the safety of the rescue operation.

用总站的濒危结构元素的监视如何？bob apple

After extinguishing a fire and the initial securing of the scene, the SGPR unit commander and the total station operator make the first observations, the reconnaissance and the assessment of the situation to perform the monitoring activities securely. They pay attention to the size of the object, the extent of the area around the damaged building, the range of the used devices, the relative safety of the rescue units during the work on the scene and the possible preservation of the structural elements of the building. Then the positioning of the Leica Geosystems total station(s) is determined.

对象/建筑物的监视始于识别和选择建筑结构上的一定数量的独特点。这些要点需要易于识别和特征。一个总站连续观察预定义的时间间隔的定义点。该操作的成功至关重要的是，在任何情况下，监视活动不得阻止进行直接救援行动的紧急单位。

在整个操作过程中，都会进行观察，测量和监测预定的独特点。Leica Geosystems TS16总站TS16自动自动执行此操作。前提是，首先将要监视的要点定义并编程到Geomos软件中，以“指示” Leica GeoSystems Total Station相应地测量它们。Leica Geosystems系统配备了一个警报模块，该模块对测量点的位置的变化做出反应，并给操作员提供光学和音频反馈。注意到并报告了与原始位置的任何点偏差。

The threat of the so-called "secondary collapse" of a post-fire structure can be extremely dangerous. When a deviation is noticed, the total station operator informs the rescue unit commander about the change in the building condition. Based on that information, the commander instantly makes his decision about any further action. The decision might be about a temporary or even a complete stop of the rescue mission, or the withdrawal of units searching the rubble and securing the breached structure again. Usually, the decisions are made temporarily, allowing for resumption and safe completion of rescue action after re-securing the scene.

救援队和可能的受害者的安全至关重要

Rescue operations on fire- or explosion scenes and during construction disasters are the most complicated, complex, and dangerous tasks carried out by the specialised Search and Rescue units of any firefighting unit. Clearing the disaster area in situations where there might be fire under the rubble, exposed power cables, or gas leakages are tasks only for these specially trained and equipped formations of any fire brigade. Securing the environment and the positive outcome of a rescue mission as well as making sure that the safety of the involved teams and possible still living victims is maintained, are the major tasks in the day-to-day job of the specialised firefighting forces.