巨石阵景观的全新景色

Author:Renata Barradas Gutiérrez

Geospatial technologies are reshaping how archaeologists study and unlock history’s secrets. Stonehenge, one of the most famous landmarks and studied monuments in the United Kingdom, is being revealed with modern tools after centuries of excavations and theories. With more than 10,000 years of history, this UNESCO World Heritage site, including the wider landscape where it sits, has been digitally mapped to disclose hundreds of new features, brightening our understanding of this iconic cultural landscape.

为了解决其奥秘，路德维希·鲍尔茨曼（Ludwig Boltzmann）考古学研究所和虚拟考古学研究所（LBI考古学）（LBI考古学）和伯明翰大学使用的地理空间技术，例如激光扫描，磁法，磁性仪和地面穿透性雷达与地理信息系统（GIS）（GIS）和GNSSS（GIS）组合，定位create digital models at a true scale。这modelsinclude visible and invisible archaeological features that are part of a unified digital map。

This五年考古项目achieved what conventional excavation methods would have taken several decades to complete. The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project is the largest endeavour of its kind,揭示隐藏的纪念碑在该地区周围了解它们如何与巨石阵及其周围的神圣景观以及建造它们的人们相互联系。

Tools for non-invasive archaeology

该项目始建于2010年，其目标是通过对最先进的地球物理调查和遥感技术的无缝调查来创建巨石阵周围整个景观的详细数字考古图。

为此，使用非侵入性假期方法来绘制可见和不可见的绘制：
• Leica Geosystems robotic total stations and field software
•Leica Geosystems GNSS和GPS系统
•高分辨率磁力仪
• Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
• Electromagnetic induction
•3D激光扫描

这newdata retrieved with all this equipment threw light upon 10,000 years of human progressand the culture and people that flourished around them. The measurementdata from ground-penetrating radar, high-resolution magnetometers and 3D laser scanning and geophysical instruments were combined within a GIS and then analysed to produce a multilayer digital map that shows how the landscape developed over thousands of years。

Finding lost monuments in vacant space

这有史以来最大的地球物理研究调查worldwide resulted in thediscovery of several unknown monuments在众所周知的石圈周围的空间中。

“开发非侵入性方法来记录我们的文化遗产是我们这个时代最大的挑战之一，只能通过调整最新技术来实现，例如地面穿透雷达阵列和高分辨率磁力计；”said Professor Wolfgang Neubauer, director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute.”路德维希玻耳兹曼研究所的发展e for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology offers the opportunity to carry out fundamental archaeological research at a scale and precision never previously attempted。”

GPRwith Leica GeosystemsGNSS天线用于用地理参考的局部坐标系绘制地下绘制地下绘制。使用徕卡呈GPS系统,LBI archaeologists could establish a network of control points for tracking of the measurement equipment. Centimetre-accuracy and speed of the geo-referencing method were essential for this task.

As part of the challenges, the team had to develop all motorised systems and keep them running on site while accomplishing the work in short time periods. Repairs, modifications and developments had to be done on site and on their own. Prof. Neubauer and his team used Leica Geosystems GNSS and Leica Geosystems robotic total stations to track and navigate the novel motorized survey tools and to georeference the exact position of the “anomalies” revealed by the survey.

Anomalies detected by GPR in 2013, originally believed to be buried stones, have been staked out using Leica Geosystems total stations at Durrington Walls, 3 kilometres from the stone circle. The following excavations proofed the anomalies to be the stony refill of large pits for massive timber posts forming a major monument with a diameter of more than 500 metres predating the stone circle. The excavation project used fully 3D digital documentation including Leica Geoystems total stations and was awarded英国考古学在2016年英国最佳项目。

Ancient engineering ambitions revealed

巨石阵在其景观中不隔离。这些发现有助于构思巨石阵，这是一个快速发展和动态的神圣景观的核心40 kilometres squared。这survey of unprecedented scale and resolution became possible due to technological advancements and knowledge and uncovered the complex interconnections between the surviving monuments and many other new discovered monuments belonging to the lost civilizations. This allowed scientist and researchers to put it all together in one big picture – allowing to accurately tell Stonehenge’s story as part of a sacred landscape.

Stonehenge can only be understood by looking at the monuments around it and how that landscape has evolved. Using cutting edge, multi-sensor technologies, numerous archaeological structures could be uncovered, such as the new large timber monument at Durrington Walls. The results of the survey include 17 new Neolithic including barrows, henges, ditches and enormous prehistoric pits, dating to the periods before, contemporary and after the time when Stonehenge was at its zenith. Built to celebrate the passage of the sun, linking its position with the landscape, the new discoveries support the ritual significance of Stonehenge and its landscape on the Salisbury Plain in England.

Reinventing Stonehenge for this generation

最初用石材和骨工具雕刻的是用21世纪的地理空间技术揭示的。数百个新发现的功能使研究人员能够制作出更详细的考古数字地图，从而揭示了巨石阵的大图。Leica Geosystems设备帮助考古学家追踪了过去10，000年来占据景观的人类的痕迹，并将其在空间和时间上的地点与数字地图相关，这将指导未来的巨石阵及其景观。