Finding ancient petroglyphs in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan

案例分析

作者:Penny Boviatsou

数千年来,人类以岩画的形式在全球景观上留下了痕迹,形象刻在岩石露头中,最初是用石工具和后来的金属仪器。这些古老的标记经常在几千年的几千年中雕刻,证明了它们随着时间的流逝。因此,可以将岩画遗址理解为神圣的露天“历史书籍”。

In this context, petroglyphs are an important complement to archaeological data gleaned from burial sites. In broad terms, petroglyphs tend to provide insight into burial rites, social norms and material culture. They tell us about life events and the mythical ideas associated with them.

虽然在所有五大洲都发现了岩画,但中亚,西伯利亚南部和蒙古西部的山区尤其富裕地在青铜时代,铁器时代和土耳其时期。在这一广阔的岩石文字中,吉尔吉斯斯坦的Saimaluu Tash的地点是最大和最高的。它位于宽阔的费尔加纳山脉东部,位于OSH市东北约115公里处。

Due to Saimaluu Tash elevation, which ranges from 2,860 to 3,350 metres, the site is covered by snow 11 months of the year and is only accessible from mid-July to mid-August. In 2017, Esri, a global market leader in Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, helped a mixed team of local and international scientists to overcome the challenges and assisted with their research. Hexagon Geosystems supported their efforts providing the latest GNSS technology.

“Hexagon Geosystems’ technology facilitated the data collection, its high-level of accuracy, efficiency and precision exceeded our expectations for this demanding project,”瑞士ESRI的首席技术官Matthias Schenker说。“The direct support for the Leica GG04 Smart Antenna in Collector for ArcGIS made it really easy for us to directly integrate the data collection in our workflow.”


重新发现历史

Finding ancient petroglyphs in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan

1902年,军事地形尼古拉·克鲁多夫(Nikolai G.Zima和Alexander N. Bernshtam分别于1946年和1950年进行了竞选活动。自从最初进入该地点以来的几十年中,一直进行零星的实地调查,直到2000年代初。

The objective of the researchers’ most recent expedition was to thoroughly survey, photograph and map the site with a view to produce a monograph and 3D interactive maps.

探险参与者包括:

  1. Three archaeologists and petroglyph experts
  2. 两个GIS专家
  3. 当地的地面支持团队。

他们的目标是establish thematic clusters of petroglyphs within certain spaces。Furthermore, the team hoped to identify what appeared to be traces of as many as nine ancient settlements和卫星图像上的埋葬地点,分辨率为50厘米


The expedition

Finding ancient petroglyphs in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan

The petroglyphs are concentrated in two valleys, divided by a steep ridge in the Saimaluu Tash Mountain Range—at the relatively large site Saimaluu Tash I in the western valley and at the smaller, and slightly more recent, site of Saimaluu Tash II in the neighbouring eastern valley. Saimaluu Tash I covers some 1.3 square kilometres while Saimaluu Tash II Covers less than 1 km2.

在三个星期的过程中,团队调查了大约4,500个带有岩画的石头和25,000至30,000张单张图像。使用Leica Geosystems GNSS接收器对每个岩画轴承结石的位置进行了调查,其精度与移动设备上的ArcGIS应用程序结合使用。该应用程序的配置为允许根据该区域的高分辨率卫星图像进行离线数据收集,以及时和明智的决定。

“考虑到山谷苛刻的环境条件,Leica Zeno GG04智能天线是我们项目的独特工具,”said Schenker.“鉴于其高精度技术,我们能够实现我们的目标并收集最准确的数据。”

为每个岩画记录了方向(方位角),以及照片和描述。研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM)和矫正图像是由无人驾驶汽车(UAV)拍摄的航空照片创建的。Leica GG04 GNSS智能天线还用于调查地面控制点(GCP)提高DEM和正射原的水平和垂直位置精度。然后将数据分类并存储在地理数据库中,以分析整个站点内和单个类别中岩石诗的空间分布。结果最好在交互式2D和3D应用程序上可视化。

对于空间和统计分析,将数据分类并存储在地理数据库中,并使用ESRI使用ArcGIS Pro进行了评估。这允许分析整个站点内以及单个类别的岩画中岩画的空间分布。

从这个数据集,结果以交互式2D和3D Web应用程序的bob综合app下载形式生成各种信息产品,以及传统纸图的形式,显示了岩画的位置和分类。基于Web的地图和应用程序将通过ArcGIS Online提供,可用于过滤和进一步分析。

Additionally, the数据还将用于在ESRI实验室创建的Augeo应用中使用。This allows to use this data in an augmented reality (AR) environment.


革命性考古学

Finding ancient petroglyphs in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan

“Archaeologists embrace technology, adopt new tools and accept revolutionary techniques that transform archaeology like never before in the past,”said Schenker.“我们很高兴成为这种转变的一部分。”

Saimaluu Tash的Petroglyphs代表了将近3000年的时间跨度,并反映了各种各样的主题。由于他们的创作者从自己的周围环境和经济中选择了图案,而这些图案又取决于气候条件,因此可以在岩画,气候和当地经济之间建立相关性。通过揭示过去的这种信息,我们可以更好地了解这些年来的历史背景和我们的社会发展。

All information about the Saimaluu Tash petroglyph area is derived from the official expedition report by Christoph Baumer, a Swiss scholar and explorer, as it was published in the Fall 2017 edition of “The Explorers Journal”.

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