新哥本哈根地铁线的最大安全性

The Copenhagen Metro Line is among the world’s most modern subway systems. To improve the infrastructure in the Danish capital, the city is now expanding its existing metro system by two-thirds through construction of the new “Cityringen” subway loop. Lines M3 and M4 are now being added to the existing M1 and M2 lines. Tunnel-building activities on such a scale in the heart of an old city harbour pose great potential risk due to the unfavourable geological conditions, limited coverage and proximity to existing development. To ensure structural stability throughout the construction phases, various geodetic and geotechnical measuring systems will be used for automatic monitoring in order to detect possible deformations in a timely manner, allowing immediate countermeasures to be initiated. Automated 3D measuring systems, which are installed at every station, shaft and along the stretches of tunnel,play a particularly important role in this.

The new lines include 17 new metro stations, three shafts with crossovers, and a new maintenance centre. The entire, approximately 15.5-kilometres long, route proceeds through two parallel tunnel tubes in the subsoil of Copenhagen. The new lines will finally connect the central station (København H) and east station (Østerport) to the metro system. Like the existing system, the new metro was also conceived as a driverless, fully automatic system.

该项目的总成本约为20亿欧元。哥本哈根运输部和弗雷德里克斯伯格市是该重大项目的所有者，由Metroselskabet I/S代表。该行政财团是一家意大利合资企业，由Salini/Impregilo Tecnimont和Seli - 哥本哈根地铁团队（CMT）组成。

A joint venture of GEODATA Ziviltechnikergesellschaft mbH and ANGERMEIER INGENIEURE GmbH received the contract for monitoring the entire project and founded their own new firm, SMT Denmark ApS, to carry out this enormous assignment.

SMT丹麦ApS负责大地和geotechnical monitoring. This includes the precision levelling, conception, set up and servicing of automated 3D monitoring systems, and the installation and servicing of automatic inclinometers, strain and coders extensor metres, and water level gauge measuring systems. In addition, SMT Denmark ApS must also supervise KRONOS, the central project database, where all measurement results, including machine data transmitted every 30 seconds from the four tunnel boring machines (TBM), will be stored. Almost 30 employees are completely dedicated to the monitoring tasks in the Cityringen project.

2012年1月，开始逐步为所有正在建设的地铁站配备带有自动化的3D测量系统的轴。这两个隧道管都与四个TBM并行驱动。在此过程中，两台偏移机在新的地铁环中的特定路线部分驱动。

Since summer 2013, the tunnel sections have been equipped with measurement systems during the TBM drives. In the process, the individual total stations were connected into networks in order to reliably cover the planner’s prediction of possible settlements (also called zones of influence). In doing so, up to eight Leica TM30 total stations were connected into monitoring systems that are centrally controlled and monitored by a PC over WLAN.

Monitoring instruments from Leica Geosystems
SMT Denmark APS的两家公司都是长期以来的Leica Geosystems的忠实客户。因此，在项目开始时，选择大地测量工具和配件的供应商在瑞士高级制造商上落在瑞士高级制造商上。在整个项目期间，这再次被证明是一个绝佳的选择，就像在较早的项目中一样。测量仪器的精度如此之高，以至于3D测量系统和冗余水平测量值是通过Leica DNA03水平和2米的Invar员工进行的，与半毫米匹配。高质量的测量结果极大地促进了该项目的成功。

60,000 noiseless measurements per day
对于所有自动测量系统，标准测量频率是每两个小时。在临界情况下，根据要测量的特定点数，测量频率将降低至一小时或30分钟。

A special case arose during the monitoring of existing metro tubes when the TBM had to cross the tunnel tubes. Here, the measurement frequency for 10 points actually had to be raised to every 90 seconds in order to be able to give constant feedback regarding settlement during the crossing.

该软件观察者是Angermeier Ingenieure GmbH的专有软件，控制了每个总站。在测量周期内的每个测量中，它会自动消除异常值。然后将所有测量值转移到调整软件中并处理。如果结果在准确性的所需范围内，则将坐标和协议传输到Kronos数据库，Kronos数据库是Geodata Ziviltechnikergesellschaft MBH的专有软件。如果超过数据传输故障或内部警告或警报级别，例如，如果补偿器值超出指定的准确性范围，则立即，自动通知分配给预定义的内部组。

Up to December 2014, 72 Leica TM30 total stations were installed at the 21 new structures. An average of up 21 total stations run in parallel along the tunnel routes. Approximately four months following completion of a section, they are taken down and reinstalled in the new section.

More than 4,000 prisms were installed with the total stations. Approximately 60,000 measurements per day. Overall, more than 44 million 3D measurements have been carried out so far. Similarly, there were also 600,000 manual levelling measurements.

The extremely low noise generation of Leica Geosystems total stations is certainly worth mentioning. They could easily be installed directly alongside bedroom windows without waking the residents from their sleep.

Continuous servicing of the total stations
四名员工负责照顾总站。bob apple他们的任务包括对单个系统中出现的故障进行故障排除以及在车站和隧道部分中安装新系统。通过两条隧道钻孔机通过后，他们必须再次拆除传感器。3D系统仍在正在建设的地铁站运行。

All computers are remotely accessible from a main centre, which is advantageous when needing to access the network. If an error cannot be corrected through remote maintenance, a local squad sets off to find the problem. Many of these malfunctions are caused by construction activities at the stations, such as interrupted power supplies or restricted visual communication with the reference and deformation prisms due to the large construction machines.

SMT Denmark ApS has added its own lifting platform on a 3.5-ton truck for the installation of prisms and total stations. This is the only way to be flexible and carry out installation and removal or exchange of equipment for maintenance.

Experienced teams – reliable systems
Operating such a large monitoring project for the benefit and safety of Copenhagen’s citizens and visitors is a great challenge for the entire team and the measuring system.

As far as the team is concerned, a great deal of experience is required here. Internal processes are continuously optimised. The software components in the Observer are also subject to continuous modifications due to the changing requirements for this complex monitoring project.

The instruments are subjected to a maximum demand for quality, reliability and precision. The demands on the employees, who quickly and confidently respond to every malfunction that arises, are equally high. Monitoring sensors from Leica Geosystems are the perfect partners for this enormous task.

Dieter Heinz撰写