使用全波形激光雷达从丛林中拉出伪影

作者：Penny Boviatsou

高棉帝国的伟大及其作为柬埔寨文化遗产的一部分的重要性刚刚开始展开。有史以来在考古项目上开展的最广泛的空降激光扫描运动揭示了埋葬在柬埔寨丛林中的古老城市。

Lidar被证明是更好地了解我们历史的催化剂。创新技术正在改变考古学，并迅速成为考古学家的强大工具。激光可以穿透上覆的植被，并且覆盖地面的速度比步行得多的速度要快。

吴哥是一个复杂的最重要的基于“增大化现实”技术chaeological sites in Siem Reap in Southeast Asia and the Angkor Wat one of the world’s most recognisable temples. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the city was at its peak with historians describing an urban centre extending over nearly 1036 square km. Angkor was the centre of a once massive and powerful nation believed to be the largest in the world at the time, with up to 1 million inhabitants.

隐藏但没有忘记

Nothing ignites a researcher’s imagination like the prospect of a lost metropolis. Archaeologists in Cambodia after numerous years of research have recently announced the discovery of multiple medieval cities hidden beneath the tropical forest floor near Angkor and other archaeological sites across the Kingdom of Cambodia. The colossal discovery challenges the theories that the Angkorian people eventually abandoned the cities for ones in the South as it was until recently believed. The archaeologists were able to discover the ruins of the lost civilisation thanks to airborne laser scanning technology:

• 高棉考古激光雷达联盟（KALC）于2012年4月和
• Cambodia Archaeology LiDAR Initiative (CALI) in April 2015 decided to widen the perspective beyond conventional methods to Khmer history and archaeology.

这两个项目均由PT Map Map Tiga Interalsioniation（PTMI-以前是McElhanney Indonesia）的FranciscoGonçalves和Chris Cromarty设计，这是一家位于雅加达的公司，可提供空中地图和调​​查专业知识。

这些项目的前提是，LiDar可以提供隐藏在树冠下的关键信息，以充分评估高棉文明在东南亚，特别是在柬埔寨的程度和影响。为了实现目标，弗朗西斯科·冈卡维斯（Francisco Goncalves），罗兰·弗莱彻（Roland Fletcher）教授和达米安·埃文斯（Damian Evans）博士之间的几个会议工具位置。这些使PTMI了解景观和植被挑战，在收购之前还计划了现场访问。

PTMI acquired Leica Geosystems’s LiDAR and digital aerial photography sensors to provide the researchers with high resolution aerial imagery as well as high density ground LiDAR points to the archaeologists while scanning the Cambodian jungle.

第一个发现是在2012年与达米安·埃文斯（Damian Evans）和财团的同事密切合作的2012年。通过驾驶装有吊舱的直升机，配备了波形数据捕获的Leica Lidar扫描仪和一台Leica Digital Perialial摄像头，PTMI收集了数据，证实了Mahedraparvata的存在，Mahedraparvata是一座古老的寺庙城市，其存在已有数十年了。

最近分析的数据，于2015年捕获the most extensive airborne study ever undertaken by an archaeological project，发现了高棉帝国城市范围的总体规模，发现寺庙综合体比以前认为的要大。

“LIDAR产生的地图揭示了隐藏在森林地板上的多个中世纪城市，并颠覆了我们对吴哥四周围的居住空间和柬埔寨其他寺庙建筑群的了解达米安·埃文斯博士说。“植被掩盖了这些巨大的地点。激光雷达技术使我们能够看到植被.”

揭示帝国的秘密

2015年，PTMI覆盖了1600平方公里，目的是提供柬埔寨考古LIDAR倡议，这是其感兴趣领域最好，最完整的数据覆盖率，并为未来的考古激光雷达调查提供开放。在该项目的计划阶段，PTMI花了大约一年的时间讨论了激光雷达和数字空气照片（DAP）的方法。

弗朗西斯科·冈萨（FranciscoGonçalves）和克里斯·克罗马蒂（Chris Chromarty）步行了计划进行激光雷达和DAP采购的区域，并研究了树木覆盖下的地形和植被，以及激光雷达可能检测到的考古特征的类型。

“考古学使我着迷”PTMI总裁FranciscoGonçalves说。“What secrets are hidden, where our ancestors did built cities and why they abandoned them. Penetrating the Cambodian jungle with the Leica Geosystems technology we were able to acquire LiDAR point data that precisely revealed not only the structure of the land scape but also constructions, roads, canals, structural foundations and agricultural terraces.”

PTMI使用Leica Geosystems的LiDAR映射系统来扫描柬埔寨丛林。该公司使用LiDAR技术收集了数据，这些技术渗透到茂密的柬埔寨森林和茂密的植被，收集有关土壤表面和地形高程的信息，使考古学家能够在吴哥附近找到广泛的网络痕迹。数码航空摄影与LIDAR数据同时收集。

"Agricultural fields and other structures have remained hidden by growing trees for centuries, but LiDAR technology is changing the way we view the world," said Professor Roland Fletcher. "Cases of recently deforested lands challenge the theories that ancient forests are 'pristine ecosystems', people shaped the landscapes where forests are located for thousands of years."

所有LIDAR数据均使用安装在柬埔寨的AS350 B2直升机（Helistar）中的POD获取，然后使用配备配备DataPort可移动驱动器的处理站进行了调整和处理，PTMI调整和处理处理中心。PTMI计划了数据采集，调整了空气图像，并将激光雷达分为地面和非地点。所有结果都交付给了卡利，埃文斯和他的团队能够准备考古分析。

LIDAR - 考古学的新工具

激光雷达（LiDar）渗透茂密的植被的能力意味着自居住期以来，寺庙综合体和周边地区能够清楚地看到。有了激光雷达的地图，细微的地形变化已取消了道路网络，占领土墩和其他城市规划标志，这些标志即使从地面也无法检测到。

The LiDAR-made maps enable the CALI researchers to make more targeted excursions at the site whilst the LiDAR data determine the locations where further research might be useful.

Researchers in the archaeological sphere agree these are the most significant archaeological discoveries in recent years.