3D洞穴映射和手持式和陆地激光扫描

作者：Tommaso Santagata

In northern Italy, in the pre-Apennine area of Reggio Emilia is the "Tana della Mussina," a cave famous for archaeological artefacts found in excavations made in 1872 by Gaetano Chierici. As part of a research project with a local caving group - theGSPGC- the virtual Geographic agency Vigea recently 3D scanned the entrance part of this cave system using theLeica Blk2go，手持式成像激光扫描仪。

移动扫描允许托马索·桑特领导的研究小组agata from Vigea to map more of the cave than in previous surveys, thanks to the equipment’s smaller size, lighter weight and fast scanning speeds. This technique has the potential to allow cave researchers to capture 3D detail in challenging sites.

3D映射Tana Della Mussina

The project was organised by the GSPGC caving group and theFSRERcaving association. Since 1967 the GSPGC has carried out exploration, research and study of the underground world in Italy and internationally. The group has discovered and explored numerous caves, often of considerable development and depth. They take part in many exploratory and research collaborations with most Italian speleological (cave study) groups, both regionally and nationally.

Tana Della Mussina是CàSperanza-Mussina Cave System的一部分，该系统本身就是Messinian Gypsum的一部分（日期为5.6至600万年）。石膏以一系列不连续的粉笔露头为特征，这些露头的特征是几个污水坑的存在，在许多情况下，粘土和泥浆的滑坡遮住了，它们会耗尽地表水为karst系统供水。喀斯特是由石灰石，白云岩和石膏等可溶性岩石形成的土地。盖塔诺·基里奇（Gaetano Chierici）在1872年对洞穴发掘的发掘发现了人类的遗体（公元前第三千年）和陶瓷，火石和铜伪像。

陆地激光扫描与洞穴系统中的移动映射

Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) instruments are increasingly used to 3D map natural and artificial caves for study, providing a high level of accurate detail. However, it’s not always possible to create a complete map. Underground environments are challenging by nature, can be difficult to access through narrow and low passages, may contain high water levels and its cold temperatures make studies difficult.

“There are sometimes limitations in the use of laser scanners which require tripods, or to be held in difficult positions to work safely, compromising the possibility of 3D scanning some complete cave environments. Handheld imaging laser scanners are newer instruments able to provide a 3D point cloud of the environment while walking. This kind of technology can be used for the almost complete capture of cave systems thanks to the possibility of moving much more comfortably and detecting in faster times,” Santagata explains.

在塔娜·德拉·穆西纳（Tana Della Mussina

As part of the GSPGC and FSRER project, Tana della Mussina was the object of 3D scanned surveys in 2019 and 2020. In the first survey, the cave was 3D scanned using aLeica Scanstation P40测量级，高清3D激光扫描解决方案和BLK2GO，手持，无线和轻质成像激光扫描仪。处理的数据经过处理以创建地形图。2020年6月，对BLK2GO扫描仪进行了测试，其目标是3D扫描，该扫描量是在上一个竞选中已经绘制过的洞穴的同一部分。

Santagata explains the mapping process, “Integrated with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), the BLK2GO allowed us to 3D map and acquire RGB data information to obtain coloured 3D point clouds. The BLK2GO recreates spaces in 3D as you move. Paired with an iPhone and using Leica Geosystems’ dedicated application, it allowed us to view a preview of the results in real time and control the instrument, with the possibility of acquiring photographs and adding GeoTags to be viewed in the exported point clouds.”

Future of cave scanning – combining instruments for freedom and high definition

Santagata reflects on the success of the project and the potential for mobile mapping in cave scenarios, “New innovations in 3D laser scanning technology can bring progress in speleology, especially through the use of portable mapping systems. Handheld mobile mapping tools such as the BLK2GO are able to get different details from traditional laser scanner systems (which can guarantee much more precision and higher definition) allowing us to detect in 3D in underground environments with more freedom.”

至关重要的是，通过集成不同的系统，可以使用陆地激光扫描仪在感兴趣的领域获得更大的细节，并在短时间内与手持式系统快速对环境进行快速的环境映射，这是理想的结果。”

探索3D中的项目：
在洞穴中进行测试
Data Elaboration Insidefrom Valerio Brunelli
Data Elaboration Outsidefrom Valerio Brunelli

参与该项目的关键人物：Tommaso Santagata（Vigea -Virtual Geographic Agency），Valerio Brunelli（意大利Leica Geosystems）和Stefano Bergianti（Gruppo Speleologico Paletnologico Gaetnologico Gaetano gaetano gaetano gaetano chierici di Reggio emilia）。

Further reading:
DE WAELE, J., FABBRI, S., SANTAGATA, T., CHIARINI, V., COLUMBU, A., PISANI, L.(2018)Geomorphological and speleogenetical observations using terrestrial laser scanning and 3D photogrammetry in a gypsum cave (Emilia Romagna, N. Italy). Geomorphology,319, 47-61.