在通往智能考古的道路上

Author:Nikita Chunakov

Trade routes from ancient and medieval times crossed the territories of the modern-day Republic of Ingushetia in the Russian Federation. The Silk Road was the main trade route crossing the North Caucasus plains of present Ingushetia. The route often underwent changes as it crossed numerous territories with radically different political relationships at different points in time.

Local residents took part in trading and made profit from watching over the trading routes. To control the Silk Road corridors and protect inhabitants from conflict, fortified tower settlements appeared along the caravan routes.

There are 40 fortified tower settlements in the foothills of the Ingushetia plains. One of these tower settlements is located in Bisht, a high-mountain village, in the Dzheyrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia.

To create a 3D model of the sturdy fortresses with stone towers and its surrounding area for modelling and reconstruction of the village objects, Noviy Proyekt, an experienced Russian construction company, geared up with Geosystems surveying equipment for the task.

A dream for a tourist, a challenge for a surveyor

Ingushetia山区的祖先塔楼是共和国的主要旅游景点。坐在奇妙高加索山脉上的传统奇迹平均海拔1,750米，海拔约300米。

Noviy Proyekt不得不装备可以抵抗从 +16ᵒ摄氏的突然变化的设备，从而变为-4ᵒᵒ。秋天对大约32公顷的调查进行了调查，以避免夏季繁重的叶子和冬季降雪。

由于场地的环境条件和位置，两位测量师需要以下规格的设备：

• 轻的
• 高水平的灰尘和水分保护
• 减去温度的抗性
• 现场的3D扫描和测量结果
• 启用尽可能多任务的工具。

考古扫描激光扫描

在这种环境中，根据所需的要求进行调查，选择了Leica Nova MS60多稳态，从而允许激光扫描最多1,000米。

“很高兴与俄罗斯六边形地理系统合作。bob体育报道我们与新设备充满热情。我仍然因激光扫描设备的速度和质量而感到惊讶。它确实加强了我们任务的执行，”said Vitaliy Galaktionov, chief surveyor at Noviy Proyekt.

激光扫描的优点之一是即使直接进入设施被阻塞，也可以进行调查。用点云生成的地理参与的三角表面被转移到建筑师中以进行分析：

• Two tower complexes
• Several residential stand-alone towers
• 两个墓地
• A large group of sepulchral vaults
• 埋葬地
• 庇护所。

The surrounding area for the structures was laser scanned using larger spacing, with a distance range of 10 to 300 metres depending on visibility conditions. During scanning, the laser beam hit both the ground and vegetation, but using specialised filters for post-processing the data array, it was possible toselect only the points on the ground。Surveying such vast territories with a total station, using both reflector and reflectorless distance measurements, would have taken substantial time and required two specialists for this task.

建筑调查的挑战之一是捕获详细信息的立面 - 在很大程度上取决于调查的质量和完整性。使用最完整的数据阵列以云的形式使用，可确保使用所有必要的捕获点的数据完整性。用MS60捕获了诸如砖砌中的石头尺寸，梁的法兰尺寸以及裂缝的几何形状。

从外太空到办公室

在山上工作时，有必要确保结果的质量，这就是为什么选择Leica Viva GS16 GNSS智能天线的原因。具有领先的RTK技术的智能天线与HXGN SmartNet（24/7 HNSS Network RTK和DGNSS校正服务）集成了覆盖着树木的区域中的精度。

需要与校正服务进行牢固的沟通，但不能总是依靠。尽管在调查期间，尽管移动网络对卫星的可见性和对该区域的覆盖率不佳，但智能天线的高度敏感板和计算机核心提供了可靠的厘米级定位。特别适合这种较低人口稠密的区域，并具有不稳定的RTK沟通，SmartLink Fill帮助Noviy Proyekt专家提高了专家即使丢失了RTK数据链接，也保留定位精度。

The satellite-corrected GS16 smart antenna was used for:

• 调查道路边缘，建筑物和废墟的轮廓
• 地方坐标系中的柱子
• 机器人总站的设置和定向。

收集了大约2,000个点和线条，直接在现场绘制了各种粒料和花纹，从而促进了后续的办公处理。

The Leica Captivate software on the Leica CS20 field controller and the MS60 made possible to check the survey completeness, transfer projects from one instrument to another, and make quick decisions directly on the field.

Smart workflows for archaeologists

Using an integrated approach to archaeological tasks allows to collect the most complete and reliable data on objects. Surveying technologies paired with easy-to-use software and the largest reference station network, permit to position, visualise, georeference and preserve any cultural asset for future generations.