创建新的滑雪跳跃综合体

作者：Beate Wesenigk

Whether for the World Ski Championships, the Four Hills Tournament or the Alpine World Ski Cup, the Schattenberg ski jump in Oberstdorf in Bavaria, Germany, is the main venue for international ski jumping competitions each year. Refurbishment and new build work is being planned for the 53rd Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf in 2021. This will include a new "Einkehr" jump complex, named after the "Einkehr-Schwung", the existing culinary establishment facing the arena. ing-Geovision has created a digital terrain model (DTM) as part of the planning process.

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Ski jumping on Schattenberg

In 1909, the first ski jump stage was built near Oberstdorf in Germany’s Allgäu Alps. Beautifully situated on a sunny hillside, after some initial scepticism, the sport was received with great enthusiasm. During the very first year, Bruno Biehler set the record jump at 22 metres pushing the limits of the facility. Plans for a new jump were devised at the start of the 1920s.

1925年12月27日，新的Schattenberg滑雪跳跃首次使用 - 现在已经93岁了。多年来，跳跃和周围的地形经过了重复的修改和反复扩展。为了改善2021年第53届北欧世界滑雪锦标赛的滑雪跳跃轨道，该设施将进行翻新。

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Challenges: area size, accessibility and self-imposed targets

德国调查公司Ing-Geovision收到了任务create a DTMrequired as a reliable basis for the ski jump complex plans. The firm faced several challenges:

1. The size of the area to be recorded - approximately 270,000 square metres.
2. Some areas of the hilly, wooded areas are, in addition, very difficult to access and cannot be reached with terrestrial surveying equipment.
3. The self-imposed target of capturing all data within just one day.

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Surveying 38 Alpine football fields in one day

The three-person surveying team set off early from Traunreut to Oberstdorf in Germany perfectly prepared with different surveying equipment.

步骤1：控制点字段

通过现有六点控制场形成的Leica GS16智能天线测量了地形调查的基础。The GS16 Smart Antenna minimised the problem of mountainous areas with valleys and woods, which shadowed satellite reception for the GNSS survey.

Step 2: Measure the control points, the profile and the riverbanks

While the control point field was being determined, the targets for the scanning and the control points for the fly over were being set with the Leica TS16 total station. The TS16 was also used in surveying the profile of the wood. In total, this method produced900 individual points measured almost entirely on steep terrain.

Step 3: Laser scanning and panoramic photos

The Leica ScanStation P40 was used to scan the area with 36 standpoints. All round scans with a3x3 milimetres的分辨率at 10 m were recorded.

“ P40扫描仪只是3.5 minutes每个角度并具有额外的优势，即在办公室可以使用黑色/白色目标点。结果是一个非常密集的点云由总计2,036,358,871个单个点组成。在几秒钟内，在每次扫描时也记录了全HDR 360°球形图像。图片可以通过Leica Cyclone激光扫描软件阅读，而无需进行任何进一步的处理，并用于注册和处理数据，”said Richard Steiglechner, head of surveying for ing-Geovision.

步骤4：飞过

To better survey the vast area and to be able to record the sections that cannot be reached using other methods, a fly over was done with a Leica Geosystems Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). A flight plan was generated with the software supported by the UAV before the自动GNSS支持飞行发生,覆盖所有的倾斜的地形,我们ll as any obstacles, such as the jump towers. The software calculated the waypoints of the desired flight path based on the flight altitude, the obstacles, and the required accuracy using Bing maps. A series of643 aerial photographs使用无人机中的附加摄像头拍摄。

The three ing-Geovision"aries", who are also trained mountaineers, captured the一天之内的4,000多个高度的数据270,000平方米and store their instruments before dawn.

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从传感器准备测量数据

The surveyed control and individual points from the GS16 and the TS16 were loaded by the experts into the national coordinate system via an ASCII file. The scan data from the P40 and the MS50 were later entered into the Leica Cyclone scanning software for registration. Additional options were selected for importing, such as filtering the point cloud toeliminate unwanted erroneous points.

“The combination of the Cyclone's sophisticated filter technology and the ScanStation's pulse measurement technique makes it possible to eliminate so-called mixed pixels, the hazy points that occur whEN激光束在边缘和下面的表面上分开。” Steiglechner说。

Ing-Geovision experts could automatically align the spherical 360° panoramic images with the point cloud and the true colours assigned at each scan point using the "fixed" option in Cyclone to将点云从每个位置转换为整体坐标系统使用目标标记，云约束（在两个扫描之间的重叠部分中具有相同几何形状的点云）和点标准标准。

“目标标记直接收集在旋风中。3D点云处理软件会自动找到相同的云约束或部分。如果有疑问，我们可以使用观众来协助我们。”said Stefan Nawrat, head of engineering surveying for ing-Geovision.

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The result: a digital terrain model that perfectly fits

一旦编辑了来自单个传感器的数据，将所有单个点和飞过的点云导入到旋风中，以加入P40和MS50扫描中已经注册的点云。现在，将五种不同测量工具的所有要点合并为一个软件。然后，通过切割点云来对点云的位置准确性进行视觉检查。

The collected point clouds consisting of 2.15 billion points was exported as a Leica JetStream project so the point cloud could be further used and accessed anywhere.

“This approach reduces processing time and the risk of errors as the data does not need to be constantly copied backwards and forwards and it ensures that exactly the same accurate information is available for all further processing stages in different programmes, be that AutoCAD, MicroStation, 3D Reshaper or Autodesk Revit,Ing-Geovision董事总经理Bernd Hafensteiner说。

To draw the ski jump complex in the CAD programme, the open JetStream point cloud was shared, assisted by the Leica CloudWorx point cloud plug-ins, simplifying the drawing of flaws based on the point cloud.

DTM是使用3D Reshaper（软件系统）创建的用于创建地形轮廓，提取地面和断线.

“3D Reshaper purges the point cloud and creates a point cloud group that contains only the ground points, all in barely 30 seconds. Its comprehensive settings guaranteed our team precise results,”Markus Prechtl, head of surveying flights for ing-Geovision.

将3D Reshaper创建的DTM作为DXF文件转移到承包商。为了让承包商访问浏览器中的点云，设置了公司Leica Truview Enterprise Server上的附加密码保护区域。

To plan the new "Einkehr” jump in the Audi Arena in Oberstdorf, only a precise point cloud and a comprehensive DTM would do. Using Leica Geosystems’ technology, the ing-Geovision team provided the best foundation for the next 93 years and beyond of ski jumping on the Schattenberg ski jump arena.